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MIT Researchers Develop Switchable Glass

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MIT Researchers Develop Switchable Glass

MIT Researchers Develop Switchable Glass

Switchable glass – glass that changes from transparent to opaque and back again – isn’t new, but researchers at MIT have developed a glass that uses power only when the glass switches. The stable-state switchable glass could significantly reduce energy consumption in buildings that receive direct sunlight, and also offer a low-power alternative to traditional switchable glass.

Switchable glass doesn’t require power

Typically, switchable glass requires power to remain in its opaque state. The regular (although low) power drain diminishes the savings that the glass generates. By developing glass that requires power only when it is actively switching states, the team has created a potentially new option for energy-saving glass.

The new glass is made from electrochromic materials, rather than photochromic ones. The new material switches states instantly when electricity is applied. In contrast, photochromic materials have a delayed response to the presence of light. Existing electrochromic materials also have similar limitations, and require constant power to retain their opacity.

Electrochromic materials rely on the movement of both electrons and positive ions to create an opaque effect. While electrons move very quickly, positively charged ions – which do the actual color-changing work, do not. When the electrical current is discontinued, the negative electrical state that attracts the positive ions is canceled, which also cancels the opacity of the glass.

The new glass uses metal-organic frameworks (MOF), which can conduct both electrons and positive ions very quickly. This eliminates the delay in achieving opacity. Another benefit of the technique is that the research team has been able to create a “near-black” color when the glass is opaque.

The glass also uses a combination of an organic material and a metal salt that self-assembles into a thin film that can switch between virtual transparency and virtual opacity quickly.

The glass is still experimental, and the researchers are currently working with very small glass. The next step is to increase the size of the glass and verify that the properties it displays on a small scale still work on a larger scale. If perfected, the glass could be used in buildings, airplanes and other locations where it can address issues of glare or energy consumption.

One way to address both glare and energy consumption today is through the use of Glassprimer™ glass paint. Glassprimer™ glass paint provides exceptional UV-light rejection while allowing visible light transmission. Glassprimer™ glass paint is applied directly to glass, and makes a permanent bond with the glass. It is suitable for both interior and exterior use, is available in virtually any color and costs about $1 per square foot.

If you’d like more information about Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit the rest of our site. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: Khalid Abdulaziz Kaabi and Dennis Sheberla

Bullseye Glass Targeted Again

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Bullseye Glass Targeted Again

Bullseye Glass Targeted Again

Bullseye Glass, the Portland glass furnace at the center of the debate about toxic metals, is in the crosshairs again. This time, the State of Oregon is warning Bullseye about its selenium emissions.

New filtration system in place at Bullseye Glass

Bullseye began working again just this month, following a months-long hiatus from producing stained glass that uses heavy metals like cadmium, arsenic and lead. The company reduced its output to control emissions in February, after readings showed high concentrations of the heavy metals in the air around the plant.

The company installed a filtration system to recapture heavy-metal laced vapors that are produced when the furnace makes certain colors of stained glass. The newest warning comes just weeks after the company resumed full production. According to the state, a recent reading taken from the air around the plant showed selenium in a concentration of 887 nanograms/cu-meter, which exceeds the state’s monitoring trigger of 710 ng/cu-meter.

Since taking the reading, the State of Oregon has asked Bullseye to confirm that it is using no more than 5 pounds of selenium per day, and that it is making the glass only in furnaces that use the new filtration system. State officials believe that the filtration system recently installed should be able to filter selenium emissions from the plant if the producer maintains limited use of selenium.

The State of Oregon does not currently have a maximum allowable limit on selenium emissions, but the Oregon Health Authority and the state’s Department of Environmental Quality are working to develop that standard. While selenium does not cause major health or developmental problems, it can cause respiratory irritation, coughing, bronchitis and breathing problems in exposed individuals.

The Bullseye case is being monitored by the US Environmental Protection Agency and state agencies around the country, which are coping with the same environmental concerns about their own art glass production facilities. The US EPA may release new filtration standards and reduce threshold filtration requirements. That could eliminate the current exemptions in place for small glass producers.

Painted glass is an optional substitute for stained glass. Painted glass is in place in many historic structures and provides a similar effect to stained glass. If you’d like more information about painted glass or glass paint, please visit the rest of our site. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: David Bilbo, via Flickr.com

Iconic glass structures – La Estancia Chapel

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Iconic glass structures - La Estancia Chapel

Iconic glass structures – La Estancia Chapel

The La Estancia Chapel in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico is a unique glass structure that was commissioned and built in 2008. The structure was designed by Bunker Arquitectura, which was given the commission after one of Bunker’s architects chose the La Estancia Wedding Gardens as the site for his wedding.

Cuernavaca is about an hour south of Mexico city, and is in a tropical climate. The owner of the Wedding Garden was initially interested in building a masonry chapel on the grounds of the garden, and was intrigued by the idea of having the architect who was getting married design the chapel in which he would be wed.

Glass chapel was built in about four months

The architects designed a space that would take advantage of the natural beauty of the gardens. That meant forgoing the masonry chapel originally conceived by the owner.

Instead, the architects chose to work with glass, and created a chapel space that is open, airy and does not require air conditioning. The chapel is shaded by large jacaranda trees. The goal was to build the chapel while making a minimal impact on the environment, and no trees or other natural vegetation were removed to construct the building.

The design of the glass chapel was inspired by Tadao Ando’s Chapel of Light and Steven Holl’s Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. The four sides of the chapel feature open glass plates. On the altar end of the chapel, the glass forms an open, cross-shaped window that provides a view of the garden behind the chapel.

The chapel was designed and built in about four months. It includes electricity, but uses natural ventilation and permits the use of natural light for daytime ceremonies. The space is largely open, allowing personalized arrangements for seating and the ceremony itself. Flowers and other natural decorations are often used to customize the look of the space.

If you’re looking for more inspiration for decorating with glass, please visit the rest of our site. If you’re ready to tackle a glass decorating project that uses Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: Bunker Arquitectura/Megs Inniss & Sebastian Suarez

Photovoltaic glass rises to the top

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Photovoltaic glass rises to the top

Photovoltaic glass rises to the top

Designers are looking for ways to reduce energy consumption in commercial spaces, and photovoltaic glass is emerging as a viable solution. Photovoltaic glass converts sunlight to electricity, and is increasingly being used to reduce energy commercial energy demands.

Apple recently announced that it will install a photovoltaic glass floor into its San Francisco retail store. The floor is able to generate as much as 90,000 kWh of electricity annually. The company’s new headquarters are also fitted with photovoltaic glass, and is expected to generate an eye-popping 5 MWh of electricity each year.

Photovoltaic glass coatings and films increase solar efficiency

The efficiency of photovoltaic glass is generally below 20%, but new research is improving the efficiency of glass, and making effective solar installations possible in more locations. Heliatek, a German manufacturer, has just completed the second phase of a large solar project in Singapore, using HeliaFilm, a film intended to collect solar energy on building façades and rooftops. The film is designed specifically for use in Asia, as a way to boost energy collection and meet growing demands in urban areas. The installed film currently covers about 200 square meters of space and generates about 110kWh of electricity. A third stage, which will apply transparent films to the existing collector.

Other research aims to improve the transparency of photovoltaic glass. Typically, photovoltaic glass is dark – nearly opaque – to improve the collection potential of glass. A new approach to photovoltaic glass involves taking advantage of the large amount of glass surface available in modern commercial buildings. If films or other coatings could improve the efficiency of energy collection and the transparency of glass, solar energy could support a significant portion of the energy that each building consumes.

Another approach to reducing energy costs is to discourage solar heat gain. Coatings like paint can accomplish this. Glassprimer™ glass paint creates a permanent bond with the surface of the glass, and resists UV radiation. At the same time, the paint can permit natural light transmission.

If you’d like more information about Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit the rest of our site. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: Thomas Brown, via Flickr.com

Flat glass prices finally level out

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Flat glass prices finally level out

Flat glass prices finally level out

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Producer Price Index (PPI), the price of flat glass leveled out in July, for the first time in five months. Prices increased just .1% in July and .2% in August, following months of full percentage increases. Overall, the price of flat glass has increased 8% since last year, owing in part to increased demand for glass and relative shortages in raw materials used in the production of glass. In addition, glass intended for new construction must meet higher energy and safety standards.

Flat glass demand increasing for construction, autos

The construction and automotive industries account for the two largest glass consumers. Overall, demand for glass is expected to exceed $130 billion by 2020. Demand is also increasing for specialty coated glasses and photovoltaic glasses. In construction, these glasses are used to decrease energy consumption by controlling both solar heat gain and seasonal energy losses.

Increasingly, the automotive industry is turning to specialized glass to support new safety features. This increased specialization spurred Safelite, the nation’s largest auto glass manufacturer, to announce that it intends to withdraw from the auto glass manufacturing market by October. The company will still provide auto glass replacement services, but will leave manufacturing to smaller, more agile producers.

An 8% increase in the price of glass over a single year does not seem overly dramatic, but since 2008, the price of flat glass has increased 25%-50%. Flat glass prices have increased virtually every month since 2012. The long-term price increase stems from the fact that during the height of the recession, nearly one-third of the nation’s glass manufacturing plants were taken out of service, and were not replaced. The reduction in the number of producers, combined with the increase in demand, has resulted in longer lead times for production and an increases in the price of the product.

Some consumers are looking overseas for additional product, but transportation issues and lead times often make the cost of importing glass a wash.

One alternative to specialized glass may be glass paint. Glassprimer™ glass paint is specially formulated to bond permanently with glass surfaces, and provides superior UV protection. Glass paint can still permit light transmission while controlling solar heat gain, and is available for about $1 per square foot.

If you’d like more information about Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit the rest of our site. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: M.L. Duong, via Flickr.com

Mercury glass makes a comeback

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Mercury glass makes a comeback

Mercury glass makes a comeback

If you’ve never heard of mercury glass (also called silvered glass), it just means that you weren’t born in the 19th century! Genuine mercury glass is a decorative, double-walled, hand-blown glass that has a layer of mercury or silver sandwiched between the layers. The term “mercury” is a bit misleading; elemental mercury is not used in the creation of this kind of glass, although early versions may have contained it. “Silvered” glass is made with a silver nitrate solution, and is not genuine silver, either.

Mercury glass was made as a tarnish-free alternative to silver, and was also used as a “cheap” substitute for genuine silver. Household objects like doorknobs, glasses, vases and candlesticks were prime candidates for mercury glass. As it began to fade from popular favor, mercury glass could be found in purely decorative objects like Christmas ornaments.

Original mercury glass is now a popular antique find. Because the glass was usually not perfectly sealed, antique mercury glass can tarnish or deteriorate. Delamination is also a common issue among antique mercury glass pieces.

Painting on glass

Some crafters like making their own faux mercury glass using mirror spray paint. This paint will adhere to glass, but doesn’t bond permanently, so the mirror effect will be vulnerable to impact damage and delamination over time.

True glass paint, like Glassprimer™ glass paint, makes a permanent bond with glass surfaces. This exceptional paint allows you to apply paint in any color to any glass surface. In addition, special frosting finishes allow painted glass to take on the appearance of frosted glass.

Glassprimer™ glass paint will not peel, chip or fade. It also provides exceptional UV resistance. This allows the paint to retain its color, even when exposed to direct sunlight. It can also help control solar heat gain, which reduces energy consumption.

Used in a decorative capacity, Glassprimer™ glass paint performs well in high-humidity areas like kitchens and bathrooms. It will enable you to create beautifully decorated, cost-effective glass surfaces for walls, cabinet fronts and countertops.

If you’d like more information about decorating with Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit the rest of our site. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: Cheryl, via FreeImages.com

Industries turn to glass for packaging safety

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Industries turn to glass for packaging safety

Industries turn to glass for packaging safety

The issue of safety, especially among food and personal products manufacturers, is coming to the forefront. A recent study of consumers in Europe showed that more than half of respondents were worried about the safety of plastic packaging, especially as it relates to food.

Glass perceived as safe for food contact

Six out of ten consumers indicated that they were most concerned about plastic food packaging. Nearly half of consumers expressed reservations about the safety of metal food containers, primarily metal beverage cans. In contrast, only 8% of study participants were concerned about contamination from glass containers. Consumers specifically cited food contamination and chemical contamination from leaching as major concerns. More than 8 of 10 consumers think that contamination from packaging could pose a risk to human health.

61% consumers said that they trusted glass as a packaging material. This is up from 48% of consumers who said they trusted glass as a food packaging material in 2010.

The preference of consumers for glass packaging comes at an inconvenient crossroads: fewer efforts are being made to recycle container glass at a time when certain producers are looking to increase the amount of glass packaging to allay consumer concerns about safety.

Glass is inert, which means that it can “contain” virtually anything without interacting with it. That makes it a good choice for packaging from a safety perspective. Glass is also infinitely recyclable; it can be reformed an endless number of times without any significant degradation in quality or safety.

Glass is also attractive from an ecological perspective: when recycled, it reduces the amount of energy required to reform it into a new container. When it is discarded, it does not interact with the environment in a negative way.

New studies show that even organic products can be a source of known endocrine disruptors like bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates because these products pick up chemicals from their plastic packaging. These and other chemicals may also be present in other materials that may come into contact with food – like countertops, for example.

This makes glass a highly desirable surface in the kitchen and bathroom. Additionally, glass is easy to clean and sanitize, and can stand up to most household cleaning agents.

If you’d like more information about incorporating glass into your kitchen, please visit the rest of our site. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, which is specially designed to bond with glass surfaces, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: Scott Atwood, via Flickr.com

New glass could improve solar cell efficiency

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New glass could improve solar cell efficiency

New glass could improve solar cell efficiency

Researchers at ITMO University in St. Petersburg, Russia have developed a new glass that emits visible light when in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. UV radiation normally counteracts the performance of solar cells, and diminishes the practical lifetime of the cell.

Glass can convert UV radiation to visible light

This glass could intercept UV radiation and convert it to visible frequencies. The converted UV radiation could then actually improve the efficiency of the collector. Currently, solar collectors have variable efficiency ratings, but some collectors are only about 20% efficient. This glass could increase the efficiency of lower performing collectors by one-third.

According to the researchers, the glass is easy to produce. In addition to improving the performance of solar collectors, the glass could also extend the life of both solar cells and white LEDs.

White LEDs are currently made by coating blue LEDs with yellow phosphor. The yellow phosphor doesn’t age well, and often causes the LED to overheat. The significant rise in temperature destroys the phosphor layer and causes the LED to fail. This is particularly apparent in large LEDs – those used for public lighting on streets, airports and in stadiums.

Using the technology developed at ITMO University, photoluminescent particles can be embedded directly into glass. This improves both the durability and performance of large LED lights. Typically, large LED lights must be replaced every 6 months. This glass technology, which eliminates the LED’s main failure mode, could extend the life of LEDs to as much as 5 years.

Technological advances in glass and glass production can significantly enhance energy efficiency. Glassprimer™ glass paint is a specially engineered glass coating that bonds permanently to glass surfaces. Glassprimer™ glass paint can be tinted to match virtually any major paint manufacturer’s paint palette. In addition, the paintprovides superior UV resistance without sacrificing performance.

If you’re looking for ways to control sunlight and reduce heat gain, please consider the advantages of Glassprimer™ glass paint. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory , via Flickr.com

Stained glass future in doubt

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Stained glass future in doubt

Stained glass future in doubt

Churches around the United States are finding themselves in a new battle – one that pits their cherished stained glass artwork against the environment. Stained glass suppliers and manufacturers are being limited by federal regulations governing lead and other heavy metal emissions from glass furnaces. That makes the future of stained glass uncertain. It also means that churches will have an increasingly difficult time getting stained glass windows made, repaired and replaced.

Stained glass cost may exceed market demand

The US Environmental Protection Agency is considering new regulations that will significantly limit the emissions from glass furnaces. Ordinary glass does not emit significant pollution, but colored glasses – many of which are made by combining metallic salts with raw materials for glass – can emit high levels of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, manganese, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel and uranium.

While some of these metals are stable at room temperature, the glassmaking process heats the metals to the point of vaporization. Most of the vaporized metals are released into the furnace exhaust. Furnace exhaust can be filtered, but the filtration systems are extremely expensive, and beyond the budget of most glass producers.

In addition, current federal regulations provide exemptions for smaller glass furnaces, but new regulations would lower the filtration requirements. The required filtration systems would likely be too expensive for small glass furnaces. Stained glass windows are completely customized, and can exceed $20,000 apiece. The loss of smaller glass producers would likely increase the price of stained glass beyond the reach of most churches, and increase the amount of time required to fulfill stained glass orders.

One alternative to stained glass is painted glass. Painted glass windows can provide a similar effect to stained glass windows, but do not compromise the environment during production. In addition, painted glass windows are easier and less expensive to repair and maintain.

If you’d like more information about glass paint, please visit the rest of our site. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: Sheta Chow , via Flickr.com

Iconic Glass Structures – Palm House, Kew Gardens

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Iconic Glass Structures – Palm House, Kew Gardens

Iconic Glass Structures – Palm House, Kew Gardens

In Southwest London, the iconic Kew Gardens houses the world’s most diverse collection of living plants – numbering about 30,000. The Herbarium at Kew Gardens contains about 7 million preserved plants. The on-site library contains about 750,000 volumes dedicated to plant studies. In 2003, Kew Gardens was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Palm House is glass, wrought iron

The Palm House is one of three major buildings on the grounds. It is a breathtaking glass structure made of wrought iron and glass. The building houses the Garden’s collection of palms. A second structure, twice the size of the Palm House, known as the Temperate House, is the largest glasshouse in the world. The third major structure in the Kew Gardens is the Princess of Wales Conservatory, which was opened in 1987. It houses plants from the dry and wet tropics.

Kew, which is an area that has been absorbed by London, has been the site of a royal residence since about 1300. The Kew Gardens were originally created in the late 1700’s by combining several royal residences. At that time, the Garden’s first curator was also appointed. The Gardens became a national botanical garden in 1840, shortly before the Palm House was built. The Palm House was constructed between 1844-1848 of wrought iron and glass. It is the largest surviving Victorian-era iron-and-glass structure in the world. The glass panes in the Palm House are all hand-blown. The original glass in the Palm House was tinted green to reduce the heat buildup in the building.

The Kew Gardens is one of London’s top tourist attractions. Annually, it welcomes more than 1.3 million visitors, and occupies about 300 acres.

Glassprimer™ glass paint is a specialty glass coating product designed to bond permanently to glass. Glassprimer™ is low-odor, and comes in both oil- and water-based forms. If you’re looking for some glass inspiration, please visit the rest of our site. If you’d like to purchase Glassprimer™ glass paint, please visit our online store .

Photo Credit: Steve James , via Flickr.com